abstract: this application note uses a high-side current-sense amplifier to monitor the current from a negative supply voltage. the circuit uses the ic's wide common-mode input range to amplify a small vsense signal at the negative supply and level shift it up to a positive output voltage.
all dedicated current-sense amplifiers are designed for high-side sensing on a positive supply, but you can adapt them to monitor a negative supply (figure 1). the positive supply pin (v+) connects to the system's positive supply, and the ground pin (gnd) connects to the negative supply (vee). that arrangement monitors the negative supply while providing a positive output voltage for the external interface (typically an a/d converter). the rs+ pin of the current-sense amplifier (u1) connects to the load, and the rs- pin connects to the negative supply.
figure 1. connecting this positive-supply-current monitor (u1) as shown lets it monitor a negative current while generating a positive output voltage for the adc.
u1's current-source output drives a current that is proportional to load current flowing to ground (not to the gnd pin). output resistor ro converts the current to a voltage, which is then digitized by an adc (optional):
the maximum output voltage is limited by saturation in the internal transistors (which occurs at approximately v+ -1.2v). thus, v+ must exceed the full-scale output by at least 1.2v. if, for instance, the full-scale output is 1v, then v+ ≥ +2.2v. to meet the device's maximum and minimum operating voltages, 0 ≥ vee ≥ -(32 - v+) and (v+ - vee) ≥ +3v. figure 2 shows the variation of current-measurement accuracy with load current.
figure 2. the figure 1 current-sensing error varies with load current as shown.
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